2016年装备工业盘点：多家重机龙头企业显露生机

　　用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。定语从句通常皆置于它所修饰的名词(或代词)之后，这种名词(或代词)叫做先行词(antecedent)。引导宾语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。如：

　　(1)The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的那个学生是约翰。(who answered the question是关系代词who引导的定语从句，用以修饰who先行词student，who在从句中用作主语)

　　(2)I know the reason why he was so angry. 我知道他这么生气的原由。(why he was so angry是关系副词引导的定语从句，用以修饰why的先行词reason，why在从句中用作原因状语)

　　定语从句一般紧跟其先行词之后。如：

　　(3)The room which served for studio was bare and dusty. 这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的，布满灰尘。(关系代词which引导的定语从句紧跟其先行词room之后)

　　有时亦可与先行词分离。如：

　　(4)A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新教师教你们德语了。(关系代词who引导的定语从句与其先行词master分离)

　　1)用作关联词的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which等。who，whom，whose指人，who是主格，在从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中亦可用作宾语);whom是宾格，在从句中用作宾语;whose是属格，在从句中用作定语(有时亦可指物)。如：

　　(5)The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。(主格关系代词who在从句中用作主语)

　　(6)The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。(在非正式英语中who 代替了whom，亦可省去不用)

　　(7)I know the man whom you mean. 我认识你指的那个人。(宾语关系代词whom在从句中用作宾语)

　　(8)A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤儿。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，指人)

　　(9)I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，指room，可代之以of which，但后者较为正式)

　　that在从句中既可用作主语，亦可用作宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);既可指人，亦可指物，介在当代英语中多指物。如：

　　(10)A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 用铅笔写的信很难读。(关系代词that在从句中用作主语，指物)

　　(11)The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 昨天他来的信很重要。(关系代词that在从句中用作宾语，指物)

　　(12)Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗?(关系代词that在从句中用作主语，指人)

　　(13)This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages. 这就是那本有多种译本的书。(关系代词which在从句中用作主语)

　　(14)Where is the book which I bought this morning? 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?(关系代词which在从句中用作宾语，可省去)

　　which在从句中亦可用作定语和表语。如：

　　(15)We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我们叫他去看医生，他听取了我们的劝告。(关系代词which在从句中用作定语)

　　(16)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were. 那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上真是如此。(关系代词which在从句中用作表语)

　　as，than，but亦可用作关系代词。如：

　　(17)The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 两兄弟对这个决定都满意，它事先已经他们同意了。(关系代词as在从句中用作主语，其先行词是this decision)

　　(18)He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是个外国人，我是从他的口音知道的。(关系代词as在从句中用作宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子)

　　(19)I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(关系代词as与指示代词such连用，在从句中用作宾语，其先行词是such stories)

　　(20)Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她对他的态度同她惯常的态度完全一样。(关系代词as与指示代词same连用，在从句中用作表语，其先行词是same)

　　(21)You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的钱超过了预定的数额。(关系代词than在从句中用作主语，其先行词是money)

　　(22)There are very few but admire his talents. 很少人不赞赏他的才干的。(关系代词but在从句中用作主语，其先行词是few，but=who don’t)

　　关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词既可置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末。但以置于从句之首较为正式。如：

　　(23)This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。(关系代词用作介词for宾语，之首，即which之前)

　　(24)This is the book which you asked for. 这是你所要的书。(介词for置于从句之末，which在此可省去)

　　关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：

　　(25)The people you were talking to are Swedes. 你与之谈话的那些人是瑞典人。(关系代词主格who用作介词to宾语时，介词to须置于从句之末，who中口语中可省去)

　　(26)Here is the car that I told you about. 这儿就是我和你谈过的那辆汽车。(关系代词that用作介词about宾语，介词about须置于从句之末)

　　有时从句还有其它成分，介词则置于从句之中。如：

　　(27)This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是与他一道办公的那个男孩。

　　先行词指人时，关系代词既可用who，亦可用that。但关系代词在从句之中用作主语时，多用主格who。如：

　　(28)Persons who are quarrelsome are despised. 好争吵者遭轻视。(除外persons，还有people，those，等皆多用who)

　　(29)All who heard the story were amazed. 听到这个故事的人都感到吃惊。(代词如he，they，any，all，one等之后多用who)

　　(30)I will pardon him who is honest. 我愿意宽恕他，他是诚实的。(描述性定语从句用who)

　　(31)I think it is you who should prove to me. 我认为是你应该向我提出证据。(在强调结构中多用who，who在此可省去)

　　(32)Who is not for us is against us. 谁不赞成我们就是反对我们。(缩合连接代词who为可代之以that)

　　在下列一些情况中则多用that。如：

　　(33)He was the man that the bottle fell on. 他就是瓶子落在其身上的那个人。(此处常用that作宾语指人，亦可用whom)

　　(34)He is a man that is never at a loss. 他是一个从未一筹莫展的人。(that常用于泛指人)

　　(35)He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 我望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。(兼指人与物时须用that)

　　(36)Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他?(避免与先行词who重复时应用that)

　　(37)That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 这个与前天求援的是同一个人。(先行词前有指示代词same时应用that)

　　(38)He is not that man that he was. 他已不是过去的他了。(that常用作表语)

　　(39)I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父亲是一个世上最简朴最努力工作的人。(先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only等词时应用that)

　　先行词指物时，关系代词that与which往往可以互换。但在下列情况中多用that。如：

　　(40)All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的东西不都是金子。(不定代词包括复合词something等多后接that)

　　(41)It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我所看见过的最大的地图。(前有形容词最高级等的先行词之后多用that)

　　(42)It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. 是解放给他的生活带来了彻底的改变。(强调结构用that)

　　(43)There is a house that has bay windows. 有一栋房子有凸出的窗户。(that在此表固有的特点)

　　(44)The distance that you are from home is immaterial. 你离家的距离是不足道的。(在限制性定语从句中关系代词用作表语应用that，在描述性定语从句中则应用which)

　　(45)Which was the hotel that was recommended to you? 哪一个是推荐给你的旅馆?(这里用that显然是为了避免重复which)

　　在下列情况中则多用which。如：

　　(46)Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. 拉里把我在书本开关叙述过的那个关于一个青年飞行员的故事讲给她听。(离先行词较远时常用which)

　　(47)A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 商店应存在最畅销的货物。(“those+复形名词”之后多用which)

　　(48)I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。(which比较正式，在非正式英语中也可用that)

　　(49)Beijing, which was China’s capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京曾是八百多年的中国首都，有很丰富的历史文物。(描述性定语从句一般皆用which)

　　(50)This is the one of which I’m speaking. 这就是我所讲的那个。(介词之后须用which)

　　2)用作关联词的关系副词有when，where，why等。when在从句中用作时间状语，其先行词须是表时间的名词。如：

　　(51)We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能转好。(关系副词when的先行词是next week)

　　(52)He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时我出去了。(关系副词when的先行词是last night)

　　since，before，after亦可用作表时间的关系副词。如：

　　(53)Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable. 我来之后的每一个小时都是非常好玩的。(since用作关系副词)

　　(54)On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm. 在我们离家的前一天，下了一场暴风雪。(before用作关系副词)

　　(55)The year after she had finished college she spent abroad. 她大学毕业后的一年是在国外度过的。(after用作关系副词)

　　that有时亦可用作表时间的关系副词。如：

　　(56)It happened on the day that I was born. 那件事是在我出生的那一天发生的。(that=when)

　　where在从句中用作地点状语，其先行词须是表地点的名词。如：

　　(57)They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen’s “The Doll’s house”. 他们去皇家剧院看了易卜生的《傀儡家庭》

　　(58)The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath. 麦克白遇见女巫的地方是一片荒原。

　　where的先行词亦可是有地点含义的抽象名词。如：

　　(59)He has reached the point where a change is needed. 他已到了需要改弦易辙的地步。(where的先行词point是抽象名词)

　　why在从句中用作原因状语，其先行词只有reason。如：

　　(60)That is no reason why you should leave. 那不是你必须离开的原因。(why先行词是reason)

　　(61)He refused to disclose the reason why he did it. 他拒绝透露他做那件事的原因。(why先行词是reason)

　　有时why可以省去。如：

　　(62)That’s one of the reasons I asked you to come. 那是我要你来的原因之一。(reasons后省去why)

　　有时why可用that代替。如：

　　(63)The reason that he died was lack of medical care. 他死于缺乏医疗。(why由that代替)

　　3)定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与描述性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制作用。因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。限制性定语从句前一般不用逗号。如：

　　(64)What is the name of the boy who brought us the letter? 给我们带信的那个男孩叫什么名字?

　　(65)There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader. 有许多东西将会使英国读者不愉快。

　　(66)The teacher told us that Tom was the only person that was reliable. 老师告诉我们，汤姆是惟一可依赖的人。

　　(67)I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park. 我永远不会忘记我们在公园相见的那一天。

　　(68)Is there a shop around where we can get fruit? 附近有可以买到水果的商店吗?

　　(69)Do you know the reason why I came late? 你知道我迟到的原故吗?

　　描述性定语从句又称作非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)。描述性定语从句只与先行词有一种松散的修饰关系，在口语中用停顿的方法表示，在书面语中用逗号分开。因此从句中的关系代词不能省略。that一般不引导描述性定语从句。如：

　　(70)I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. 我喜欢与约翰交谈，他是个聪明人。

　　(71)Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。

　　(72)Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years. 我又一次来到了波士顿，我有十年没有到这里来了。

　　描述性定语从句形式上是从句，其功能实质上相当于一个分句。如：

　　(73)Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。(who实际上=and she)

　　(74)When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics. 他17岁时，到瑞士苏黎世一专科学校上学，他在那里学习数学和物理学。(where=and there)

　　有时描述性定语从句的含义相当于一个状语从句。如：

　　(75)We don’t like the room, which is cold. 我们不喜欢那个房间，它很冷。(which is cold=since it is cold)

　　(76)He said he was busy, which was untrue. 他说他很忙，其实不然。(which was untrue=though it was untrue)

　　(77)I want him, who knows some English. 我要他，他懂得些英语。(who knows some English=for he knows some English)

　　16.9 同位语从句

　　用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句(appositive clause)。同位语从句其形式与定语从句相似。二者之前都有先行词，但与先行词的关系不同：同位语从句与先行词同位或等同，定语从句则与先行词是修饰关系。同位语从句的先行词多为fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，关联词多用连词that。如：

　　(1)They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。(先行词是fact)

　　(2)Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来?(先行词是idea)

　　(3)Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。

　　(4)“There is a real danger that Oxford will not retain its world position,” said Dr Brian Smith. “现在牛津大学有保不住它的世界地位的实际危险，”布莱恩•史密斯博士说。(先行词是danger)

　　关联词that在非正式文体中可省去。如：

　　(5)He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。(同位语从句he was boarding the Tokyo plane省去了关联词that)

　　同位语从句偶尔由连词whether引导。如：

　　(6)He was again tortured by the doubt whether or not he might venture to meet Antonia at the station. 他再次为他是否可冒味去车站接安东尼娅这种疑虑所折磨。

　　疑问代词who，which，what和疑问副词where，when，why，how亦可引导同位语从句。如：

　　(7)The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。(疑问代词who引导同位语从句)

　　(8)We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度假，这个问题我们还没有决定。(疑问副词where引导同位语从句)

　　(9)It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。(疑问副词how引导同位语从句)

　　同位语从句一般紧跟其先行词之后，但有时亦可与先行词分开，置于句末。如：

　　(10)The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule be adopted. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。